English phonetics
O. J. Dickushina
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- ЕзикАнглийски и руски
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- Търговец
За изданието
- ИздателствоПросвещение
- Град на издаванеМосква
- Година1965 г.
- ЕзикАнглийски и руски
- Страници202
- КорициТвърди
- Категория
- Ширина (мм)140
- Височина (мм)200
Part I
SEGMENTAL PHONETICS
С h a p t e г I
Introductory .......................................................................11
§ 1. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics..........................................—
§ 2. Branches of Phonetics............................................................12
§ 3. Phonetics and Phonology........................................................14
§ 4. Three Aspects of Speech Sounds ..............................................15
§ 5. Methods of Investigation ........................................................16
§ 6. Experimental Appliances and Apparatus......................................19
Chapter II
The Phoneme Theory ..........................................................26
§ 1. I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay..................................................—
The First Period. The Morphological Approach. . . .......................27
The Second Period. The Psychological Approach............................—
§ 2. L. V. Scerba........................................................................28
The First (Pre-revolutionary) Period ..........................................—
The Second (Post-revolutionary) Period........................................30
§ 3. Later Development of the Phoneme Theory in the Soviet Union.... 31
L. V. Scerba’s School..............................................................—
Th*e Morphological Trend........................................................32
The Cybernetic Approach to the Phoneme....................................—
Criticism of the Cybernetic View..............................................33
Chapter III
The Phoneme Theory in Other Countries................................37
§ 1. Ferdinand de Saussure............................................................—
§ 2. The Prague Phonological School................................................38
§ 3. The London Phonological School..............................................40
§ 4. The American Phonological School............................................42
§ 5. The Copenhagen Trend..........................................................—
Chapter IV
Pronunciation Standard of British English................................44
5
С h a p t е г V
Styles of Pronunciation..........................................47
ChapterVI
The Organs of Speech........................................50
С h a p t e г VII
The English Vowels..............................................................56
§ 1. General Principles of Vowel Formation....................................—
§ 2. The Diphthong Theory..................................................58
§ 3. Inventory of English Vowels....................................................60
§ 4. The English Vowel System......................................................66
§ 5. The Manner of Articulation......................................................68
The English Front Monophthongs..................
The English Back Monophthongs................................................70
The Front Diphthongs ............................................................74
The Back Diphthongs..............................................................75
Chapter VIII
The English Consonants........................................................77
§ 1. General Principles of Consonant Formation..................................—
§ 2. Inventory of English Consonants..............................................80
§ 3. The English Consonant System................................................-—
§ 4. The Manner of Articulation......................................................82
The English Stops................................................................83
The English Constrictives........................................................85
Chapter IX
Articulation Basis..................................................................91
Chapter X
Modification of Phonemes in Connected Speech........................95
§ 1. The Phenomenon of Adaptation...........................................
§ 2. English Vowels in Connected Speech..........................................98
§ 3. English Consonants in Connected Speech....................................99
§ 4. Non-obligatory Assimilation ..........................102
Chapter XI
Phoneme Alternations............................. 104
§ 1. General Remarks..........................................................—
§ 2. Phonetic Phoneme Alternations......................... 105
§ 3. Historical Phoneme Alternations........................106
Vowel Alternations. . Consonant Alternations
Chapter XII Syllable Formation.
§ 1. The Principal Theories of Syllable Formation
§ 2. Syllable Construction in English 115
ь
Chapter XIII
Word-stress.................................... 118
§ 1. The Nature oi Stress. Expiratory Stress. Dynamic Stress. Other Theories —
§ 2. Word-stress in English.............................. 124
Rhythmical Variations of Stress.........................128
Part II
SUPRA-SEGMENTAL PHONETICS (INTONATION)
Chapter XIV
Introductory....................................131
Chapter XV
The Rhythmical and Syntactic Structure of Connected Speech. . 13G
§ 1. Different Theories of the Rhythmical Structure of Speech................—
§ 2. The Syntagm Theory............................... 138
§ 3. Functions of the Syntagm............................ 139
§ 4. The Syntactic Content of Syntagms....................... 142
Chapter XVI
Sentence-stress .................................145
Chapter XVII
The Musical Component of Intonation................... 151
§ 1. Unemphatic Intonation............................................................—
§ 2. Syntactic Functions of Intonation ....................... 160
§ 3. Öther Systems of Classifying Types of Intonation.............162
Chapter XVIII
Emphasis...................................... 165
§ 1. General Remarks................................ —
§ 2. Breaking the Descending Scale..........................................—
§ 3. Using a Falling instead of a Rising Tune ..................166
§ 4. VVidening or Narrowing the Range of Intonation in a Syntagm .... —
§ 5r The High-Falling Pitch Pattern ........................ 167
§ 6. The Fall-Rising Pitch Pattern.......................... 168
APPENDIX
Chapter XIX
Graphical Rules.................................. 173
§ 1. General Remarks..................................................................—
§ 2. Graphical Rules in English......................................................—
§ 3. Graphical Rules in Russian...........................175
Chapter XX
Rules of Orthography..............................176
/
С h a p t е г XXI
Phonetic Transcription.............................181
Chapter XXII
The Main Local Dialects of England....................185
§ 1. General Remarks. ..............................................................—
§ 2. The Cockney Dialect............................... 186
§ 3. The Northern Dialects ..............................188
§ 4. The Southern Dialects.............................. 189
§ 5. The Scotch Dialect................................................................—
Chapter XXIII
The American Pronunciation Standard...................191
§ 1. The Problem of the American Pronunciation Standard....................—
§ 2. The Principal Features of the American Pronunciation Standard .... 191
§ 3. American Local Dialects............................. 198
Eastern American..................................................................—
Southern American......................................199
Chapter XXIV
New Tendencies in the Development of the English Vowels. . . 202
SEGMENTAL PHONETICS
С h a p t e г I
Introductory .......................................................................11
§ 1. Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics..........................................—
§ 2. Branches of Phonetics............................................................12
§ 3. Phonetics and Phonology........................................................14
§ 4. Three Aspects of Speech Sounds ..............................................15
§ 5. Methods of Investigation ........................................................16
§ 6. Experimental Appliances and Apparatus......................................19
Chapter II
The Phoneme Theory ..........................................................26
§ 1. I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay..................................................—
The First Period. The Morphological Approach. . . .......................27
The Second Period. The Psychological Approach............................—
§ 2. L. V. Scerba........................................................................28
The First (Pre-revolutionary) Period ..........................................—
The Second (Post-revolutionary) Period........................................30
§ 3. Later Development of the Phoneme Theory in the Soviet Union.... 31
L. V. Scerba’s School..............................................................—
Th*e Morphological Trend........................................................32
The Cybernetic Approach to the Phoneme....................................—
Criticism of the Cybernetic View..............................................33
Chapter III
The Phoneme Theory in Other Countries................................37
§ 1. Ferdinand de Saussure............................................................—
§ 2. The Prague Phonological School................................................38
§ 3. The London Phonological School..............................................40
§ 4. The American Phonological School............................................42
§ 5. The Copenhagen Trend..........................................................—
Chapter IV
Pronunciation Standard of British English................................44
5
С h a p t е г V
Styles of Pronunciation..........................................47
ChapterVI
The Organs of Speech........................................50
С h a p t e г VII
The English Vowels..............................................................56
§ 1. General Principles of Vowel Formation....................................—
§ 2. The Diphthong Theory..................................................58
§ 3. Inventory of English Vowels....................................................60
§ 4. The English Vowel System......................................................66
§ 5. The Manner of Articulation......................................................68
The English Front Monophthongs..................
The English Back Monophthongs................................................70
The Front Diphthongs ............................................................74
The Back Diphthongs..............................................................75
Chapter VIII
The English Consonants........................................................77
§ 1. General Principles of Consonant Formation..................................—
§ 2. Inventory of English Consonants..............................................80
§ 3. The English Consonant System................................................-—
§ 4. The Manner of Articulation......................................................82
The English Stops................................................................83
The English Constrictives........................................................85
Chapter IX
Articulation Basis..................................................................91
Chapter X
Modification of Phonemes in Connected Speech........................95
§ 1. The Phenomenon of Adaptation...........................................
§ 2. English Vowels in Connected Speech..........................................98
§ 3. English Consonants in Connected Speech....................................99
§ 4. Non-obligatory Assimilation ..........................102
Chapter XI
Phoneme Alternations............................. 104
§ 1. General Remarks..........................................................—
§ 2. Phonetic Phoneme Alternations......................... 105
§ 3. Historical Phoneme Alternations........................106
Vowel Alternations. . Consonant Alternations
Chapter XII Syllable Formation.
§ 1. The Principal Theories of Syllable Formation
§ 2. Syllable Construction in English 115
ь
Chapter XIII
Word-stress.................................... 118
§ 1. The Nature oi Stress. Expiratory Stress. Dynamic Stress. Other Theories —
§ 2. Word-stress in English.............................. 124
Rhythmical Variations of Stress.........................128
Part II
SUPRA-SEGMENTAL PHONETICS (INTONATION)
Chapter XIV
Introductory....................................131
Chapter XV
The Rhythmical and Syntactic Structure of Connected Speech. . 13G
§ 1. Different Theories of the Rhythmical Structure of Speech................—
§ 2. The Syntagm Theory............................... 138
§ 3. Functions of the Syntagm............................ 139
§ 4. The Syntactic Content of Syntagms....................... 142
Chapter XVI
Sentence-stress .................................145
Chapter XVII
The Musical Component of Intonation................... 151
§ 1. Unemphatic Intonation............................................................—
§ 2. Syntactic Functions of Intonation ....................... 160
§ 3. Öther Systems of Classifying Types of Intonation.............162
Chapter XVIII
Emphasis...................................... 165
§ 1. General Remarks................................ —
§ 2. Breaking the Descending Scale..........................................—
§ 3. Using a Falling instead of a Rising Tune ..................166
§ 4. VVidening or Narrowing the Range of Intonation in a Syntagm .... —
§ 5r The High-Falling Pitch Pattern ........................ 167
§ 6. The Fall-Rising Pitch Pattern.......................... 168
APPENDIX
Chapter XIX
Graphical Rules.................................. 173
§ 1. General Remarks..................................................................—
§ 2. Graphical Rules in English......................................................—
§ 3. Graphical Rules in Russian...........................175
Chapter XX
Rules of Orthography..............................176
/
С h a p t е г XXI
Phonetic Transcription.............................181
Chapter XXII
The Main Local Dialects of England....................185
§ 1. General Remarks. ..............................................................—
§ 2. The Cockney Dialect............................... 186
§ 3. The Northern Dialects ..............................188
§ 4. The Southern Dialects.............................. 189
§ 5. The Scotch Dialect................................................................—
Chapter XXIII
The American Pronunciation Standard...................191
§ 1. The Problem of the American Pronunciation Standard....................—
§ 2. The Principal Features of the American Pronunciation Standard .... 191
§ 3. American Local Dialects............................. 198
Eastern American..................................................................—
Southern American......................................199
Chapter XXIV
New Tendencies in the Development of the English Vowels. . . 202
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